Models of Communication
In the field of communication studies, there are numerous models. No one model is suitable for all purposes and all levels of analysis. Some common models are known as Lasswell Model, George Gerbner Model, David Berlo Model, Shanon and Weaver Model, Osgoods Model, and Schramm Model. All these describe the four components of the communication process, namely, the source (communicator), the message, the channel, the receiver (audience).
So far we have discussed the concept and different types of communication. Now let us examine some popular models of communication that are how students of communication have attempted to model it. This will help in understanding the process of communication. As the nature and concept of communication, models of communication have also been the subject of a vast amount of research and this has occupied a great many researchers a great many hours. No single theory or model has found general acceptance.
What is a Model?
Before discussing the models of communication, let us first understand what the term 'model' means. A model is a graphic representation designed to explain the way a variable works. It is a pattern, plan, representation, or description designed to show the structure or workings of an object, system, or concept. A model of communication offers a convenient way to think about it by providing a graphical checklist of its various elements.
Aristotle – The first Model of Communication
The Greek philosopher Aristotle looked at communication from the rhetorical perspective i.e. speaking to the masses to influence them and thus persuade them. Aristotle constructed a model with three elements: Speaker-Speech-Audience in which the basic function of communication was to persuade the other party. This is accepted by many as the first model of communication.
Very basically we have:
Senderà Messageà Receiver
Now what the Sender does is to encode a message, that is put it in some form that he or she thinks will be understood by the person receiving it – unless there is a deliberate intention of not communicating. The sender will select the appropriate language, decide on the appropriate structure, consider the appropriate channel, and decide on the time for the message. On the other hand, the receiver will need to decode the message so that he can understand the message clearly, quickly, and fully.
Development of Communication Models
Thereafter in the twentieth century, many more models came up. In the latter part of the century, the concept of communication changed due to the advent of various mass communication media such as newspapers, radio, and television. During the First and Second World Wars, communication was also used for propaganda and it was perceived as a magic bullet that transferred ideas and knowledge automatically from one mind to another. However, this was later found to be a very simplistic model that showed communication as a linear one-way flow of communication. Sociologists, political scientists, and psychologists who joined the debate around this time argued that communication was a complex process that was dynamic and two-way in nature.
During this period, Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) sought to create greater awareness of how we decode a whole array of communication cues and in particular, as described by O’Connor (O’Connor & Seymour, 2002). NLP is a set of skills for communicating more effectively with you and others and a way of extending choices and making better decisions.
The practitioners of NLP claim that, by studying and application, students of NLP can re-program their senses so that their ability to ‘read’ others is enhanced. More recently, Goleman (2007) has put forward the notion of Emotional Quotient (EQ). This implies that there is an attribute that marks some people off from others – the ability to be ‘intelligent’ with emotions. Organizations, in their selection process, are increasingly looking for both IQ (intelligence quotient) and EQ. It is realized that future leaders will need to have both attributes. There will be fewer opportunities for bright but insensitive leaders. Goleman has also come up with the notion of Social Intelligence (SI), a more refined ability to appreciate and act on the signals of others.
Some Common Models of Communication
The Lasswell model is the most widely quoted of all models of the communication process. It is a communicator-based linear model. Communication, according to Lasswell, is one-way or two-way. His concern is the effect rather than the meaning. Who says What; in Which Channel; to Whom; with What Effect;" captures the essence of the communication process as per the model.
Gerbner's model is a development of previous theories based on the linear process model. It relates the message to the 'reality' that it is 'about' and thus enables us to approach questions of perception and meaning, and it sees the communication process as consisting of two alternating dimensions - the perceptual or the receptive, and the communicating or means and control dimension. The merit of Gerbner's model is in localizing the meaning in the culture. Human perception is determined by culture. Consequently, it helps to explain different reception or interpretations of the same message by different audiences.
Berlo's ' proposed source-message-channel-receiver model (SMCR). He introduced six constituents of the communication model, namely, the communication: source, the encoder, the message, the channel, the decoder, and the communication receiver. These, he says, should not be viewed as separate things or entities or people. They are the names of behaviors that have to be performed for communication to occur.
Importance of Communication Models
The models assist us in our understanding of whether the process of communication in the society in which we live is: sender-centered (who), receiver-centered (to whom), or message-centered (what), channel/media-centered (how), goal-centered (with what effect). They also tell us that if the aim of communication is the transmission of a message to establish commonness, then the process must be two-way rather than one way, circular rather than linear. Communication must also take into account factors like context, culture, symbolic systems, and field of experience.
Related Links
You May Also Like
-
Communication has as its central objective the transmission of meaning. The process of communication is successful only when the receiver understands an idea as the sender intended it. How does a message or an idea travel from one person to another? To transmit our message, we engage in a sensitive and complex process of communication, with different elements like sender, message, channels, receiver, noise, and feedback.
-
Generating Ideas using Brainstorming
The brainstorming technique was developed by Alex F. Osborn in 1957 and brainstorming means where a team of members generates a large amount of alternative fruitful ideas on a specific problem without any criticism and then evaluates each idea in terms of their pros and cons. Brainstorming techniques fall into four broad categories: visioning, exploring, modifying, and experimenting.
-
This style is characterized by leaders making decisions for others and expecting followers to follow instructions. The directive leader is adept at giving instructions, setting expectations, and establishing timelines and performance standards. However, it is possible for the same leaders to display both directive and supportive behavior as per the demands of the situation.
-
Communication performs many functions, such as informing and generating awareness, educating, persuading, motivating, entertaining, etc. The functions of communication in an organization are to inform, persuade, and motivate. Employees need to have effective organizational communication in order to achieve excellent job performance. The communication between the top management and the employee needs to be effective for better work culture.
-
Storming Stage of Team Development
Storming is the second stage of team development and this stage is characterized by a bid for power and inter-personal conflicts. Learn the key factors that occur in the storming stage and the strategies that a team leader can adopt to pass this stage of high winds
-
Effective Business Communication
Communication is all about getting the message across correctly. To make this happen, you need to have good speaking skills and good writing skills. If you have these skills coupled with good listening skills and interest in reading, you have all the potential to be a good communicator. What things should the leader take into consideration to be more effective with interpersonal communication?
-
The best career choices are ones that match your values. Each person has several values that are important to him. These values are highly personal and knowing them provides a clearer sense of what's most important to you in your life and career. Career values are the beliefs you consider important from a work standpoint. Values help you understand what you want from a job? Explore a few examples of work values that can influence career path and job satisfaction.
-
At different points in your professional career, it is helpful to identify your core values. Values are the qualities considered to be the most important guiding principles that determine the priorities in your life and greatly influence your career choices. Your career brings happiness when it is in agreement with the beliefs you have about what is important and meaningful to you. Awareness of your values will help you develop a clearer sense of what's most important to you in life.
-
Recognizing Stress & its Sources
As an individual, you almost certainly know what stress feels like. Stressors are events or situations to which people must adjust. Stressors may be physical or psychological in nature. The level of severity of stress is determined not merely by exposure but the intensity, duration, and frequency of stressors. The sources of stress are many. They arise from multiple areas both with the individual and from the environment.
-
Communication is defined as the process of meaningful interaction between two or more persons with a view to arriving at a common meaning and understanding. There are different types of communication and these are used on different occasions. In this section on communication skills, Technofunc will equip you with the skills most needed in today’s dynamic, demanding workplace.
