Charismatic leadership is a trait-based leadership theory where the leaders act as visionary driven by their convictions and motivate their followers to work towards common vision using their charm and persuasiveness. These charismatic leaders act as role models and exhibit extraordinary characteristics that inspire devotion and motivation in followers to persuade change. Leaders are able to cultivate a profound sense of trust with the group of followers.
Charisma has been associated with leadership for centuries, and defined as 'a divinely conferred power or talent'. It was first formalized as a leadership theory by House in 1976, following the work of Weber, an early sociologist, in the 1940s.
During the first decade of the 2000s, the trait approach of leadership gained new interest through the current emphasis given by many researchers to visionary and charismatic leadership.
Charismatic leadership came to the forefront of public attention during the 2008 US elections when Barack Obama was elected as the first African American president. He is believed to be charismatic, among many other leadership attributes he demonstrates.
The trait approach began with an emphasis on identifying the qualities of great persons, shifted to include the impact of situations on leadership, and, currently, has shifted back to reemphasize the critical role of traits in effective leadership. Max Weber defined the term “charisma” as, “charisma is applied to a certain quality of an individual personality by virtue of which he is set apart from ordinary men and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, exceptional powers or qualities”.
Charismatic leaders are regarded as of divine origin and the recognition of the followers depends upon the demonstration of constant proof, which in turn, augments follower devotion and enthusiasm. Given below are the characteristics of Charismatic Leadership, what distinguishes charismatic leaders from others:
Dubrin, classified Charismatic leaders into 5 types, viz. socialized, personalized, office-holder, personal, and divine charismatic, which are discussed below:
A socialized charismatic is a leader who uses power only for the benefit of others, rather than using it for private gains. Socialized charismatic leadership (SCL) is a type of leadership characterized by a leader’s altruistic intent and helping others internalizes his or her values. Socialized charismatic leaders are thought to play an ethical leadership role. The socialized charismatic formulates and pursues goals that fulfill the needs of group members and provide intellectual stimulation to them. Followers of socialized charismatics are autonomous, empowered, and responsible.
Personalized charismatics are leaders who use the powers to a certain extent for personal gains, to serve their own interests. The personalized charismatic leaders have vested interest agenda, characterized by high authoritarianism, high narcissism, self-aggrandizing, and non-egalitarian. Such leaders impose self-serving goals and they offer support to group members only when it facilitates their own goals. They are exploitative leaders who wish to accumulate power by imposing self-serving goals. Followers of this type of leader are typically obedient, submissive, and dependent;
For this type of leader, charismatic leadership is more about the office occupied by him/her rather than his/her personal characteristics. By being a holder of a key position, the leaders attain high status. Leaders in a large bureaucratic organization can use their authority and the power associated with the position. Most managers we find in organizations lack charisma. They are bland personalities, the person you never remember, who has nothing of interest to focus on. They are the people we forget since they can never get anyone excited about what they are doing.
A leader with this quality often gains very high esteem through the extent to which others have faith in them as people. Personal charisma is when someone has very high amounts of sophisticated social and emotional skills. Irrespective of the high or low status held by this leader, the personal charismatics are able to influence the followers, through their right traits, behaviors, and characteristics.
A historically important type of charismatic leader is that of the divine charismatic. Middle English also adopted the word as "karisme" to refer to gifts of healing and teaching. Such leaders tend to have divine grace and they are considered as magnetic savior, who would arise to lead people through a crisis. The divine charismatic leaders are the ones where people think that they are god sent.
Charisma appears to be extremely powerful to influence people, but it is difficult to define and learn. Given below are a number of different charismatic definitions:
"Throw away those books and cassettes on inspirational leadership. Send those consultants packing. Know your job, set a good example for the people under you, and put results over politics. That's all the charisma you'll really need to succeed. Do You Need Charisma?
"We need less posturing and more genuine charisma. Charisma was originally a religious term, meaning "of the spirit" or "inspired." It's about a sparkle in people that money can't buy. It's invisible energy with visible effects."
"You have got charisma! Becca!: Hats that? It's a special quality of leadership that captures the popular imagination and inspires allegiance and devotion."
"Charisma is a fancy name given to the knack of giving people your full attention."
I mean, my first impression, and they're rarely wrong, is that you have none of the qualities that we normally seek in a prospective flat-mate.'I talking here about things like presence, charisma, style and charm, and I don't think were asking too much, I don't think were being unreasonable."
"Charm is charisma in the lady."
"Most of us have known leaders at work, in the community, in government, who capture our imagination with a passion for an idea – a vision of the way the future could be. When they speak, we find ourselves mesmerized by their words and drawn by their sense of urgency. They seem to possess a certain indescribable energy that inspires and motivates. They appear to touch our emotions more than our rational mind. Things happen when they are around. There is change. And often we find ourselves, quite willingly, drawn to them. We may also find ourselves performing beyond our expectations to accomplish their goals. Most of all, we are moved by them – and, quite frequently, moved to follow them. What is at the core of their power? Charisma is one word that comes to mind."
Napoleon Bonaparte, Winston Churchill, Mahatma Gandhi, Adolf Hitler & Nelson Mandela are some examples of Charismatic leaders from the recent past. They all had a huge following and were able to influence a large section of society to bring out positive change. These charismatic leaders carried great responsibility and showcased a long-term commitment to their values and vision, in which they fully believed in.
Charisma has been associated with leadership for centuries, and defined as 'a divinely conferred power or talent'. It was first formalized as a leadership theory by House in 1976, following the work of Weber, an early sociologist, in the 1940s. Charismatic authority is a concept of leadership developed by the German sociologist Max Weber. It involves a type of organization or a type of leadership in which authority derives from the charisma of the leader. This stands in contrast to two other types of authority: legal authority and traditional authority.
Conger highlights five attributes of the charismatic leader. Charismatic leaders are very good at articulating their thoughts and can formulate a vision and motivate others to follow it. They are sensitive to the environment as well as the member's needs. They are known for performing unconventional behavior and take personal risks to gain authority and power.
Charismatic leaders motivate followers to get things done or improve the way certain things are done. They are able to paint a compelling vision of the future, generate high levels of excitement and initiative, and build strong emotional attachments among followers. This excitement and commitment from teams is very important and brings enormous benefit for the leader and the organization. One the other hand because of the admiration of their “gifted” leaders, followers might be less likely to speak up against the ideas and the propositions of their leader and refrain from offering criticism regarding certain actions or practices.
Charismatic leadership is a special leadership style commonly often associated with transformational leadership. All transformational leaders need a bit of charisma but they need not need the charismatic leadership style. If someone wants to be a great leader, he needs to work towards gaining the trust of the followers. Charismatic Leadership inspires enthusiasm in their teams and is energetic in motivating others to move forward. This excitement and commitment from teams is very important and brings enormous benefit for the leader and the organization.
The difference between charismatic leaders and transformational leaders lies in their intention. Transformational leaders want to transform their teams and organizations whereas charismatic leaders may be self-centered focused on their individual priorities rather than the organizational. They may be often focused on themselves, and may not want to change anything.
The downside to charismatic leaders is that charismatic leaders can believe more in themselves than in their teams. This can create the risk that a project or even an entire organization might collapse if the leader leaves. A charismatic leader might believe that she can do no wrong, even when others are warning her about the path she's on; this feeling of invincibility can ruin a team or an organization.
A charismatic leadership style can resemble transformational leadership because these leaders motivate, persuade, and inspire change in a company. Also, in the followers' eyes, success is directly connected to the presence of the charismatic leader. As such, charismatic leadership carries great responsibility, and it needs a long-term commitment from the leader.
Attribution Theory of Leadership
The attribution theory of leadership deals with the formation of individual opinions about the reasons for particular events or observations. People will always try to understand why people do what they do. The leader will make a judgment about his employees based on his attribution of the causes of the employees' performance. Individuals will also make inferences about the leader and react to poor performance by the leader.
Certain generally accepted truths or principles of communication are important to consider when communicating with others. These principles hold true for all people in every culture. By understanding these principles, you will experience greater communication effectiveness. An effective communication system is one that achieved its objectives. Communication is effective where there are no barriers to communication.
The ten most important qualities that define a good leader are self-awareness, interpersonal and communication skills, ethical values, organizational consciousness, self-confidence, adaptability and flexibility, imagination and creativity, focus & result-orientation, continuous self-development and accountability and ownership for his actions. These ten qualities of leadership every good leader should possess to a certain extent and must continually strive to develop them.
Authentic leadership is a new approach to leadership in which leaders are genuine, self-aware, transparent, build honest relationships, and work on an ethical foundation. Authenticity is one of the core values of leadership. Authentic leaders have truthful self-concepts and they inspire by promoting openness by acting in a real, genuine, and sincere way. Authenticity requires self-awareness and the ability to act in accordance with one's true self.
The great man theory of leadership is a 19th-century idea that states a person is either a natural-born leader or not. Some people are born with the necessary leadership attributes that help them create a great impact on society, politics, or the military. The theory focuses on identifying the innate qualities and characteristics possessed by great men.
Trait theories of leadership explain the leadership traits that have been studied to determine what makes certain people great leaders. The practical application of the theory is looking at how the leader‟s behavior affects their subjects.
Hawthorne Studies - Leadership
The Hawthorne studies were conducted on workers at the Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric Company by Elton Mayo and Fritz Roethlisberger in the 1920s. This study established the behavioral change that happened due to an awareness of being observed, resulting in active compliance with the supposed wishes of researchers, because of special attention received, or positive response to the stimulus being introduced.
Continuum of leadership is a leadership theory based on the relationship between the level of freedom given to the team and the level of authority used by the manager. The chosen leadership style will depend on multiple factors, including the leader's personality.
The four theory of leadership was formulated after studying hundreds of leaders and the model includes four basic dimensions of effective leadership - support; interaction; facilitation; goal emphasis, and work facilitation. This model was tested as a predictor of an organization's effectiveness.
Contingency Theories in Action
Contingency theory suggests matching the best leader to a specific situation based on situational factors and the leadership style. The practical application of theory can be done in various ways. The workplace example is to determine the best candidate for a given set of requirements using the LPC score. Applying the model to determine a leader's ability to adapt in the scenario of a new project etc..
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